Peptides are short chains of amino acids, typically containing 2-50 amino acids. They are essentially small proteins, but differ in that proteins contain more than 50 amino acids. Peptides play many important roles in the human body.
Some key facts about peptides:
- Peptides are formed when amino acids link together via peptide bonds. The sequence and number of amino acids determine the peptide's structure and function.
- Hundreds or even thousands of peptides exist in the human body. They act as hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors, antibiotics, and more.
- Notable peptides include insulin, oxytocin, endorphins, and angiotensin. These regulate appetite, social bonding, pain relief, and blood pressure.
- Peptides are versatile signaling molecules. They bind to receptors on cell membranes and elicit cellular responses. This allows them to coordinate many physiological processes.
- Many peptides are cryptic - they are inactive until cleaved from larger precursor proteins. This provides tight regulation over peptide activity.
- Peptides are short-lived since they are rapidly degraded. This prevents overstimulation of their signaling pathways.
- Therapeutic peptides are used to treat diabetes, osteoporosis, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and more. The FDA has approved over 60 peptide drugs.
- Peptide-based medications include liraglutide for diabetes and teriparatide for osteoporosis. These leverage peptides' potent effects and target specificity.
Now here are some common questions about peptides:
How are peptides different from proteins?
Proteins contain over 50 amino acids, while peptides have 2-50. Proteins have a well-defined 3D structure, while most peptides are linear. Proteins mainly have structural and catalytic roles, peptides are more often signaling molecules.
What foods contain peptides?
Dairy products like cheese and yogurt contain bioactive peptides released during digestion. Soy, rice, egg, meat, and seafood also provide peptides. Fermented foods are especially rich sources.
Can you take peptide supplements?
Yes, peptide supplements like collagen peptides and glutathione are popular. But research on their benefits is limited, so consult your doctor. Human Antiaging Center provides high-quality peptide therapies tailored to your needs!
How are peptides administered as drugs?
Therapeutic peptides are given as oral, nasal, or injectable formulations. Injection allows direct delivery. Oral peptides often have poor absorption. Modifications like stapling can improve peptide drug delivery and stability.
Are peptides safe?
Most naturally-occurring peptides are safe at normal levels. Synthetic peptides undergo extensive toxicity testing before pharmaceutical use. Side effects depend on the specific peptide. As with any drug, it's best to use peptide supplements only under medical supervision.
In summary, peptides are impressively versatile, potent, and precise cellular messengers. From coordinating homeostasis to providing novel drug leads, their small size belyes their significant biological influence! Peptide research will continue unlocking promising medical applications.